Mold and process of casting.



Amx. PARKHURST. MOLD AND PROCESS 0F CAST-ING.

APPLICATION. FILLD APRZ, 19H3. 1,296,597.

Patented M3124, 1.919.

I' SHEETS-S1152: 1.

F. A. PARKHURST. MOLD AND PHocEss of CASTING. APPLICATION FAILED APR. 20. IBIB. 1,296,597. Patented Mar. LL, 1919.

7 SHEETS-SHEEI 2.

FA A. PA'RKHURST. MOLD AND PROCESS 0F CASTING.

I APPLICATION FILED APR.2o. ma'. 1,296,59?.

'7 SHEETS*SHEEI' 3.

Patented M31-, 4, 1919.

F. A. PARKHURST. A MoLD AND PROCESS or CASTING.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 2,0, I9I8.

1,296,5972 Patented 4, 1919.

` 7 ssssssssssss 4. l N www I N um y l [III Il: If,

"EL I f 9,/ l X V52 WM ummm on' Y r "I rgf i #gli F. A. PARKHURST.

MOLD AND PROCESS 0F CASTING. APPLICATION FILED 111111.20. 1918.

1,296,597. Panted Mar. 4,1919.,

1 SHEETS-SH' I IJ F. A. PARKHURST.

i MOLD AND PROCESS 0F CASTING.

APPLICATION FILED APR.20. 1918. 1,296,597. Patented Mar. 4,1919.

SSSSSSSSS EET 6.

F. A. PARKHURST.

MOLD AND PROCESS 0F CASTING.

APPLlcAnoN mio APR.2o.1s1s.

Patented Mar. 4,1919.

zsHEErs-SHEEI 1.

entran sTATEs Pa FREDEVRC A. PARKHURST, `OE CLEVELND, I-IG, ASS'GNR TC THE ALUMINUM CASTINGS COMPANY, 0F CLEVELAN), OHIG, A. CRPOE T3202? GF HC.

MO'LE AND PROCESS OF CASENG.

Lee/n.597.

Specicatton of Letters Eatent,

Application filed April 20, 1918. Serial No. 229.703.

To all whom t may Concern.'

Be it known that'. Filmname Panic HURST, a citizen "of the United States, residing at Cleveland. in the count-y ol'l Cuyahoga and State of Ohio. have, invented certain new and useful Improvements in Molds and Processes of Casting, ofwhich the following is a specification, reference- New York, and B. Norton. then ot De' troit, ll'lichigan, said molds being; especially adapted tor the production of cup-shaped castings Such as sltirted or trunk pistons for internal combustion engines. More .par-

I ticularly, my inunmements have to do with thegate of the mold and the means for venting the mold cavity. and to an i1nproved process ot introducing the. n'i'olten metal int-o the mold cavity.

One of the objects of my invention is the provision ot' an improved iorin of frate tor molds having: substantially all otl the advantages ot the prior 'forms ot' construction above referred to and which is exceedingly compact. in torni whether used for the production of large and tall castings. on the one hand. or small and short. castings, on the other hand, so that'a mold of minimum size and weight is secured t'or castings of any size.

A `further object ot my invention is thel provision oi an improved gate tor molds to produce chambertal castings of any size, such as hollow cylinders7 and cup-shaped articles, `the form ofthe gate. being such that in every case the hulk' ot? scrap metal in the gate will be' reduced to a minimum,

and especially the bulk of that part of the gate metal which adheres to the casting and must he' removed bya cutting operation ol some sort.

Anotheluobject of my invention is the )rovision of a mold in which splashingr and lleaking up 'of the molten metal is not only avoided as the first metal enters bott-om ot the n'ioldvcavity but rendered quite,

@impossible during:- tne later stages of the pouring, so that occlusion of air and gases and conseqinent porosity or blow holes in the casting are avoided whether the east,- ings be large. or small in size er heavy 0r light in cross section.' i

Another object of my invention provision of a mold gate l I feeder section and mera" molten metal thereto the hot n-.eri mass ot metal acts to renew se of metal in the maintained in a nsolten fet-tively to malte up t shrinkage.- du 'i in" f the mold cavi H Other L' plate thi. provisiel in a simple und oxids and other i molten met and also previ-1 into the gate and niet` tering metal.

Further ohjec plate the prov ess ot introdu. mold cavity in tion 'and splasaine ot' cavity tlrougg'hont the pouri g operation and in a manner to insure complete @lling ot the eztvity and to prevent. occlusion ett air in the metal of the casting'.

A further object ot my invention the attainment oi' the other objects.. above. tecn tioned. by means ot a mold consstx'netum the inol eI vthat oliviates he necessity ot highly slfilnat in the production ot" illustratingand lave shown two t' in the accents 6 6, Fig. 2.

Fi rs. 7 and 8 are fragmentary sections on the lines 7-7 and 8MS, respectively, Fig.- Q.

Fig. 9 -is a fragmentary vertical section taken on the same line as F ig. 2 but showing the pouring ofl the molten metal `into the mold.

Fig. l0 is a fragmentary vertical section on the line 10-10, Fig. 1.

Fig. 11 is a side elevation ot the casting as it comes from 'the mold, the gate metal being shown attached to the casting pro er.

Fig. 12 is a section on the broken ine.

12-12, Fig. 11.

Fi 13 is a view of the same character as Fig. 2 .but showing a modified form of construction.

Fig. 14 is a fragmentary vertical section at right angles to the section of Fig. 13 with 'the core parts removed. i

Fig. 15 is a horizontal section on the broken line 15*15, Fig. 13.

Fig. 16 is a horizontal section on the line ltr-16, Fig. i3.

Fig. 17 is a horizontal section on the line 172-17, Fig. 13.

Fig. 18 is a fragmentary vertical section similar to Fig. 13 but illustrating the pourin of the molten metal into the mold.

Fig. 19 is a fragmentary vertical section on a line at. right angles to the section of Fig. 13.

Each of the two forms of construction illustrated in the. drawings shows my invention embodied in a permanent mold designed f or the casting ot aluminum alloy engine pistons of relatively large size. Referring to the first form of construction as illustrated in Figs. 1 to'l, inclusive, the mold as shown comprises a plurality of parts adapted when assembled to form a mold cavity, A. t'or the piston casting proper. The mold body includes a base member 1 and t\\'o complementary chambered side members 2, 3 which areI movable, on the base toward and from each other and thus provide for the removal of the castings in the operation of the mold. These three main sections ol the mold body are preferably formed from cast iron.

Each of the complementary members 2 and 3 comprises an inner side wall 4, end Walls 5 and i3 and top and bottom walls 7 and 8 respectively. The outer side of each of the complementary membersl is formed by a plate 9 bolted to the casting. thus closing the. interior chamber l() of the meniber. Handles 11, 11 are secured to the platesl 9, t)

so that the side members of the mold c an conveniently be moved to and from operative position on the base.

The inner side walls -rl of the complementary members of the mold body mutually engage when said members are moved together, as shown in Fig. l1. Each wall f1 is formed between its ends with a semincylindrical portion 4 and the lower parts of these semicylndrieal walls 1a form the outer side wall of the mold cavity pro ier, the bottom of said cavity being forme by the. upper face of the base 1. Said face is formed with a central depression 1" which provides for a workspot on the head of the piston cast.` ing. The bottom wall of this depression is formed by plug 1" which is grooved on its' periphery to 'proiiide vents for air 'and gases.

12 indicates devices by means of which the mold members 3, 4 are properly positioned on the base Q and brought into alinement when moved together. 4The devices 12 may comprise an annular shoulder 12 on the base 1 and a cooperating shoulder 12b formed in each of the side members 3. The eooperating shoulders 12 and 12 are struck f1 oni the same axis and thus serve to effect a perfect positioning of the mold members in relation to each other.

Separate alining and positioning devicesl may be used either supplemental to or as a substitute. for the devices 12. For example I have shown opstanding pins 13 mounted in the base 1 and recesses 13a for said )ins formed in the opposite faces of' the wal s 4. llben the side members of the mold are moved together the recesses 13 embrace the pins 13 and thus cause proper alinement of the mold members.

The mold is provided with a main core 11 which is preferably man.: ot' steel and of the character shown and described in my pendin;r application. Serial No. 194,18) to which reference can be had for a detailed descripi tion. For the purpose of the present application it will suffice to state that the core comprises parts 14". 14", 1l". 14'". 1l". 14' and l-l which when assembled are adapted lo be supported at their upper ends in the mold body so as to depend within the cavity formed therein. llach ot' the core. parts is provided with a suitable handle 1i" to lacilitate assembling of the eor'e iu the mold and its removal therefrom.

The core members il and Il are shaped pair of liners 15, 15, the lower ends of which serve,t form the annulartop .wall of the mold cavity. Each of these liners is formed with vent grooves a, 15b, 15 and 15d on its bottom, inner, outer tively. Each liner is also preferably formed with an upwardly extending recess 15e which is large enough to permit the. molten metal to rise in it and thus forms a capacious vent for air and gases so that a complete filling of the mold cavity isabsolutely insured.

The liners 15 aresuitably secured to the members 2, 3 as by screws 15f. It will be seen from inspection of Fig. 2 that the main core fits within and is supported by the liners 15, and when the core is thus supported the mold cavity takes substantially a cup-shape corresponding to the trunk or skirted piston which it is desired to cast.

16, 16 are removable core pins slidably mounted in the mold members 2, 3 with theirinner ends projecting into the boss recesses 14k, 14m. In the operation of the mold the various par-ts are secured in operative position by lock devices 17, 17 each of which comprises a pin 17a.mounted on one of the side memhook 17b on the other side member. When theV side members 2, 3 are brought together in proper position on the base 1 the hooks 17b are forced down over the pins 17 a so that the parts of the mold body are firmly secured together.

I turn now to a description of the gate of the l,mold to which my present improvements more directly relate. The gate, which is formed by alining depressions or recesses inthe adjacent walls 4, .4 of the mold membersl 2 and 3, in its entirety comp'rises a supply conduit and what I term afeeder. The supply conduit has a funnel and laterally toward the mold cavity, a check 'or control section 1S) which extends laterally, and preferably horizontally, away from the mold cavity, and a discharge section 20 which extends from the control'section downwardly and laterally toward the bottom 4of the mold cavity. The discharge end of the inlet section 18 communicates through a curved connecting section 21 with the receiving end of the control section 19, while the latter section and the discharge section are connected by a curved or rounded section 22.

Onreference to Fig. 2 it will be noted that 65 the inlet section 18 has its wall 18a extendand top sides respec bers of the mold and a coperating pivoted shaped linlet section 18 inclined doiwnwardlyv ing entirely across the mouth of the inlet section; that is to say the lower end of the wall 18*l extends to the left of a vertical line said inlet section.

through the left side 18b ofthe mouth of As a result,4 the metal poured into the gate is of necessity received upon vthe inclined surface 18? and by it directed into the zcurved section 21 in such a manner that the stream of metal is projected across the conduit so as to form an effective seal against the entrance of air.

. The discharge section 2O of the gate preferably gradually decreases in cross section lfrom its upper to its lower end and sweeps in an easy curve downwardly and laterally with the bottom wall of its lower end substantially tangential at 20a to the upper surface of the mold base forming the bottom wall of the mold cavity.

Adjacent one side of the moldcavity and lying between said cavity and the supply conduitof the gate, is the feeder section 23. This feeder is in,the form 'of an upright cavity designed to'I receive molten metal introduced through the supply conduit of the gate and feed itat higher levels into the annular section of the mold cavity. In order to do this the feeder must have 'communication with the lmold cavity proper at different levels and'preferably such communication is effected through a short and relatively narrow passage 24 which 4affords communication from the feeder to the mold cavity from the bottom to the top of the latter. Molten metal introduced through the supply con- 10Q duit may be admitted .cross sectional area of the feeder increases from itslower to its upper end, as indicated in Figs. 2, 5 and (i. The feeder has at its upper end an upward extension or riser 23u. 110 This riser tapers somewhat toward its upper end as shown in Fig. 2. To provide for the escape of air or gases which are forced upward into the riser as the molten metal rises in the cavity the adjacent faces of the mold members 2 `and 3 are formed with vent grooves 2G extending from the upper part of the riser 23 to the .top of the mold.

Itis usually desirable to provide forheating thc body of the metal to maintain 'it at 120 a suitable temperz'tture kand I have shown burners 27,127 mounted on brackets 28, 28 said burners'being arranged so that their flames are directed through openings 9 in the plates 9 to heatthe inner walls ofthe 125 mold members 2 and 3 and especially the parts of the walls 4 in which the gate is formed, this arrangement insuring that the metal in the gate shall remain molten longer than that in the mold proper. 130

Preferably the walls of the mold, including core parts, which constitute the walls foi-.the lnold cavity are suitably coated or treated' in well known lnanner to reduce as much as possible 'agitation of the molten y metal as it flows into contact vtherewith and to insure proper setting of the lnetal within the cavity.

In the operation of the mold above described the lnembers 2 and El are first moved into operative position on the base 1, then the sections of' the main core 14 are inserted, the locking devices 17 are driven home to tightly lockI the mold members 2 and 3 together and firmly clamp the main core in position. Finally the core pins 1G are introduced. 'l

The temperatures at which`the various parts are maintained will depend largely upon the nature of the metal or alloy to be cast. Assuming that the burners '2T have `been operated to heat the mold parts to the desired temperature. the mold is now ready to receive the molten metal. Said metal is brought to the mold in any suitable manner, as by a ladle. and is poured into the inlet 18 of' the gate in some such manner as indicated in Fig. 9. Because of the peculiar formation of the inlet 18 the entering metal is forced to first strike the inclined wall 1S which, as has been stated, directs it into the curved section 21 of the -gate conduit. The

abrupt change of direction of the conduit at this point, together with the manner in which the metal is directed into the bend by the said inclined wall 18a, not only auses the metal to form an effective seal to prevent entraining of air but also to effectively stop the entrance of metallic oxids or other impurities having a lower specific gravity than the molten metal. As the stream of metal, directed by the wall 18. encounters the abrupt but smoothly rounded bend 21 its`velocity is greatly checked. both by the abrupt change of the direction of flow and by the horizontal direction of the checking 'or controlling section 19 in which the efl'ect of gravity on the velocity of the metal is suspended. Even if there were no checking or choking back of the Inetal in the bend 21, it is clear that the molten metal projected in a solid stream' from the wall 18 across the. passagewny would form an effective stal against the entrance of air under the entraining action of the flowing stream of. metal, especially as there is practically all ways a clearance for 'the escape of air upward between the stream of metal onthe inclined wall 18l and the overlying inclined wall of the inlet section 18. But in addition vto the liquid seal thus formed, the flow of the metal is checked by its change of direction and consequently backs up and entirely I'fills the bendv 21 so that the upper free surface, of, the entering stream of metal terminates in the inlet section at a level more or less above the control section 19. T h us it will be seen that oXids or other impurities floating on the surface of the entering stream of lnetal are arrested in the inlet section and their entrance into the mold cavity prevented.

By reason of the retardation of the flow of the metal in the bend Q1 and the` control section 19. it emerges from the latter into the curved section '2Q with a reduced velocity and encounters the gently curving `wall of' the downwardly and laterally extending discharge section :2U smoothly and without agitation.

In` the said discharge section 2() a 'further' check on the velocity of the metal is provided by the gradual contraction of the passage from its upper toward its lower end, so that practically throughout the length ot' the supply conduit of the gate an adequate control of the velocity of the metal is afforded to insure a smooth and steady flow.

Thus the first metal entering the mold, substantially free from admi'xed air and impurities, emerging from the discharge section '20 of the gate, flows smoothly and in an unbroken stream or mass into the mold cavity, spreading freely and without agitation or splashing over the bottom wall there of, so that no air or gas is mixed into the metal. As will readily be understood the avoidance of' agitation of the entering metal 'and of resulting occlusion of air or gases is ward and into the annular part of the cavity into which it is free to rise or, entering the vent grooves 14, finds its way through these grooves to the boss recesses 14, 14m and thence into the annular section of the cavity or into the vent passage on passages 14 which lead to thel exterior of the mold. It may be observed in this con nection that the venting of the air or gases overlying the relatively quiescent mass of rising metal is readily eflectedin the manf ner last described, but if there is splashing or agitation of' the metal in the mold air or gas is occluded in it and I have found it practically impossible to separate such air or gas, no matter how adequate the provision for venting may be, so that a serious porosity of the casting results. This is esnassen? peeially true or the metal first entering the mold because it seems especially diticult to ,epaiate eti-eluded' air or gas bubbles from :the body et the metal' which rises upward flto contact with the 'lower end ol the main Krei lt is also particularly true in the case castings having heavy cross sections, it neng always more diliicult in such cases,

parent ly,' to eliminate air or gases that beniehecluded in the metal. lt will thus be seen that the practical importance of avoidi *ing splashing of the metal in the mold cav- I ity is very great, y

` the molt-'en metal rises in the annular Section ot' the mold cavity it simultaneously rises into the feeder 23 andit, at any stage of the pouring, the level of the metal rises more slowly in the mold cavity than in the feeder, the metal the feeder will flow smoothly through the passage 24 into the mold cavity and tions around the main core to the diametrica-lly oppositeside of the cavity. As the amage 2eefrtends continuously from the ttem to cavity this the top et the mold smooth and una'gitated rlow of metal from the feeder into the mold cavity canv occur at any level until the cavity is entirely lilled. Thereupon, by reasen of the hydraulic head s0 'of the metal in the supply conduit of the ga-te, the llow through said conduit continues, the more highly molten entering metal rising upward through the somewhat cooler metal in the feeder'to the upper part thereof so that toward the close oi the pouringthe metal sorced upward into the'risfn 23 and also into the vent risers 15e, a thorough illing et the incid cavity being thus insured. j Y v 40' Inprior permanent mold practice, there "L-hasheen entendue proportion 'of imperfect cast-ings resulting from misruns, or from failure oit the me i'jto ebmpletely fill. This has heen-attribred to-various causes, but li have found that it is largely, if not entirely, due to a failure tolprovicieadequate venting for the airin thernold cavit And have amyentirely overcome this ditiiculty ource oztloss nythe'provision of one lor i vent passages leading upwardly ,roi 'the vtop ci" the mold cavity and aii'ordng aaextraniely, tree tissage for the air i rom vthemold cavity to lie outerair@ rlhese ar tefvent openings, 'of eourse.v permit the molten metal to rise Within there and form rejections on the -castings which must be er removed', the cest 'of doing'this is `elatively small, 'in' comparison with the I llos-ges due to imperfect castings which have been erperienced in the prior practice.

'f a bellow cylinder or of a cup shaped .frnold cavity such as that of the present mold, Vthe molten metal gives up its heat to the walls of the mold and tends totreeze trstat iind its Way in both dires-- 1n its entirety from the heaviersection b mold, (a) agitation and In the filling of a mold cavity 1n the shape throughout the pouring, is

points remote from the gate or source ofsupply and then gradually and progressively. from said remote points around the main core toward the gate. lt will thus be understood that it is import-ant to maintain in the feeder section or". the gate a molten mass of met-al upon which the metalin all parts of the mold cavity is tree to draw to make up for crystallization shrinkage as the -freezing progresses. In my improved form of gate the molten condition or' the metal in the feeder section is maintained to the very end et' the pouring operation so that an adequate supply of molten metal is maintained in position to enter the mold cavity at any level to compensate for crystallization shrinkagl and aiprogressive setting of the metal. lin the mold is insured from points opposite the gate around the main core in both directions,

then in the short passage 24 between the cavityand the feeder and finally in the feeder itself.

After a short interval to permit the metal to set, the locking devices 17 are eased off, the core parts are withdrawn, the pins 16 somewhat in advance of the main core parts, then the locking devices 17 are entirely disengaged and the mold members 2 and3 separated to permit the removal of the casting.

The casting, as it comes from the mold, is shown in Figs. l1 and l2. a is the piston casting proper. I) designates the gate metal the latter comprising the slender section b formed in the supply conduit of the gate and the heavier section b formed in the riser. The gate metal is joined to the piston casting a by the relatively slender ncclr c. d represents upward extensions formed in the vent risers. On comparison of the upper part of the gate metal b with the form of the feeder section of the i gate, the contraction of said gate metal to make up for crystallization shrinkage when the metal of the casting sets, is apparent, and it will be clear that my form of gate provides an adequate body of metal, exterior `to but in communication with the mold cavity, which can bedravvn upon to makeup for the said crystallization shrinkage. When thefeasting is removed from the mold the slender section is readily broken the latter metal and the riser metal d being removed from the piston/by any suitale cutting operation. band sawfcan be effectively used rto separate theA riser metal b at the neck c and also to remove the riserl metal d.

. It will be observed that in my improved process of introducing molten metal into the first entering metal, with sion of air, is avoided', (b4) the metal, introduced into' the mold 'ir at the bottoni 'feeder 4cavity -thereof so that-'theflevel of the'mlten -ineta'l 1 splashing of the consequent occlu' Lam in said cavities rises smoothly and gradually under the pressure of the head in the supply conduit of the gate and with an entire absence of splashing and agitation, (c) the air in the mo d cavity, as it is forced by the ris in molten metal, finds an exceedingly free exit through the large vent passages so that the mold cavity is invariably completely filled, and (d) the last entering molten metal passing upward through the feeder to fill the riser extension thereof, further heats the metal in the i-reder and insures it being maintained in the molten'state as a reservoir to make up for crystallization shrinkage until the metal in the mold cavity proper has frozen.

The above described mold is designed for the production of a piston with a fiat head. In Figs. 13 to 19 inclusive I have shown my invention elnbodied in a mold for the production of pistons with raised or crowned heads. In this latter construction the body of the mold comprises a base member 3l. and complementary side members 32, 33 mounted thereon. Each of the side members has a side wall 34, end walls 35, 3G and top and bottom walls 37 and 38, all cast integral. And to the outer side of this chambered casting is secured a plate 3S) which thus serves to close the interior chamber 4:0. As in the case of the first described construction, each wall 3l 1s formed with a semi-cy lindrical portion 34, the lower parts of which form the outer side wall of the mold cavity while the upper parts are. recessed to receive curved liners 41which are screwed to the members 32, 33 and form the upper annular wall of the mold cavity proper. These liners have their bottom, inner, outer and top surfaces formed with vent grooves as in the first described construction.

' The.bottom wall of the mold cavity is formed by a depression in the base 31 having an annular horizontal surface 31 and '45 `a surrounding, annular, inclined surface 31".

A central recess 31c provides for a-workspot on the castin the bottom of this recess being formed y a plug 31 which is formed with vent grooves. v

Thebase is formed with an upstanding cylindrical .shoulder 42 and the side niembers 32 and 33 are formed withoperating shoulders 43 which serve, when brought into engagementwith the shoulder 42 to accurately sition and aline the mold meinbers in re ation to each other. To facilitate movement of the side members 32 and 33 intoA and out of operative position I have provided each of the side members 32 and 33 with a pair of depending flan esor tongues 44, 44 which are arran ed to slidably engage theaccurately surfa sides 31" of the base 31. This guiding device is especially advantageous in the production of large size castings which necessitate relatively large and heavy mold parts.

- The main core-15 is of the five art type disclosed in the application of J. Bamberg, Serial No. 82,528, but embodies certain improvements which I have devised. The core comprises a central part 45 and two pairs of members 45". 45 and 45d, 45e. These five core members, when introduced into the mold snuglv fit and are suiported by the liners 41. The central menilier 45' is accurately positioned in the mold body by an improved key and slot construction which I have devised. Said central part l is apertured to receive a key i6 comprising a rectangular or block section 46 and a relatively long cylindrical part 46". The cylindrical )art 46" is driven into the core member with a forced fit and the key is then secured by a single screw 4T. The projecting block section 46 of the hey is received between wear plates 48 secured in slots in the mold members 32, and their liners 4l'. 4l. To facilitate the removal of the key 46 the core part l5 is formed with a hole 49 into which a rod can be introduced to drive the key from its socket.

The main core is provided with vent passages as follows: The middle part lai of the core is formed ou its opposite llat faces with longitudinal passages 50. 5t) cach of which extends from the upper end of the core part to a transverse passage 5l near the lower end of the core part. Then these flat faces ofthe core part are formed at 'their lower ends with a series of veut grooves extending from the bottom of the core upward to the transverse passage 51. An adequate vent upward through the core is thus provided for air and gases collecting on the bottom surface of the core.

Each of the two pairs of core members h. 45C and 45", 45* are formed with recesses 53. 53 to provide for interior wrist pin bosses on the piston casting. and alining exterior bosses are provided for by annular recesses 5-1 in the sides of the mold members 32. 33. To provide for the coring out of these wrist pin bosses core pins 55 are, slidably mounted in the mold members 32, 33 in the first form of construction.

My improved form of gate as applied to the )resent mold is for, the most part similar to tlie gate of the first described construction, the only material difference being incident to the fact that iu the present construction the mold cavity. is formed to irovide a piston `with a crowned head. hus the gate comprises a supply conduit having an inlet section 56 a control section 5T and a discharge section 58, to ether with a feeder 59, these parts being o the same general character as the'corres nding parts of the first dcribed mold. n this case however tot `the curve of the discharge section 58, instead of sweeping downwardto the llevel of the bottom of the mold cavity, terminates at a higher l'evel Where itmerges tangentially With a straight sectionv 58a the bottom Wall of which constitutesa straight line extension of the inclinedsurface 3l" ofthe bottom of the'mold. Thus, as in the first described mold, molten metal introduced through the supply conduit is discharged into the mold cavity on lines substantially parallel to the bottom wall thereof.

The lower end ofthe discharge section 58 communicates with the lower end of the feeder 59 through an opening 60, While the feeder in turn communicates with the mold cavity proper. through a short relatively narrow passage 61 which extends from the bottom to the top of the cavity. Also, as in the first described mold, a riser 59L extends. upward from' the feeder 59 and is provided with vent grooves 62-Which extend upward from the riser to the top of the mold.

The operation of this second form of construction is substantiallyv the same as that of the'first 'form of construction and will be understood `without further description.

The manner in `Whichthe objects of my invention are attained in the above described constructions and the advantages of the same, also will readily be understood and appreciated. To summarize, it will be seen that the form and relative arrangement of the inlet section of the gate conduit and thesmoothly rounded bend into Which it delivers, insure the entering metal being directed in a` smooth stream and without splashing into the said,;bend, regardless of the position in which the pouring ladle is held, so that mixing .of air into the metal is avoided; that the form and relative arrangedelivered into the discharge section of the ment of the inlet section, the said bend and the ontrol section insure the formation of a liquid seal Vpreventing air being entrained and drawn into themold With-the lentering metal and cause a skimming or trapping action that prevents entrance into the mold cavity of oxids and other light impurities; that the molten metal, smoothly and uniformly introduced into the control section of the conduit, therehas its velocity reduced and is then smoothly and `Without-agitation wardand laterally toward the bottom of the mold cavity and delivers itlinto said cavity at a relatively lowlveloeity and on lines sbstantially' parallel to "the bottom Wall of said" `cavity sothat l the first entering metal,is inltrod-uced into. thefcavity .without splashing ,pr agitation, ak d occlusion 'fof air with re '.sultantl PQKQSQS avoidedyithat, after the y bottom part 0f the moldacavity is filled, the molten metal 'quietly rises in said cavity and in the feeder section of the gate, metal {iowing from the feeder into the mold cavity if the level of the metal in the feeder rises more rapidly than in the mold cavity, until said cavity, by reason of the extremely free venting provided, is completely filled, whereupon a continued flow of the metal through the supply conduit and upward in the feeder to cause the filling of the riser extension of the feeder, insures the complete filling of the mold and the maintenance of a hot molten mass of metal in the feeder until after the freezingof the metal in the mold cavity proper so that porosity of the resultant casting incident to crystallization shrinkage is entirely overcome; that by the provision of a relatively small supply conduit adapted to deliver molten metal into the bottom of t-he mold cavity independently of the feeder, it is possible to control the velocity and direction of the firstentering metal without any modification of the walls of the feeder section and consequent large variation of the bulk of the gate metal; that bythepro-- vision of such a supply conduit arranged to discharge directly into the bottom of the mold cavity and by the relative arrangement.

of its'parts and 0f the feeder section of the gate the desired control of the' direction and velocity of the metal entering the mold cavity is attained without undue expansion of the dimensions of the mold .with consequent increase in its weight; and finally' that these results are attained in a mold structure which can be operated with entire success by comparatively unskilled Workers.

'I have shown my inventiom only in connection with molds for the production of piston castings but it is obviously applicable in the production of castings of other articles and other forms and -it will be understood that the foregoing disclosure is for purposes of illustration and explanation and not intended to define the scope of the invention.

What I claim is:

l. A mold having a cavity for thel casting proper and provided with a gate'comprising a conduit adapted to discharge molten 'metal vinto the bottom of the mold cavity and an meld cavity, said feeder having an opening at its lower end to'receive molten metal supplied through the said conduit and being adapted to feed said metal into th'emold cavity at various levels ranging substantially from the bottom to the top thereof.

2.- A mold having. a cup-shaped cavity for the casting proper and provided with a gate' comprising a conduit adapted te discharge molten metal into the bottom of the -mold cavity and an upright feeder disposed at one I- side'of the mold cavity, said feeder-having an opening at its lower end to receive molten metal su plied through the said conduit and being a apted to feed said metal into the mold cavity at various levels ranging substantially from the bottom to the top thereof.

3. A mold having a cavity for the casting proper and rovided with a gate comprising a `conduit a apted to conduct the first entering molten metal into the bottom ofthe cavity on lines approximatelyr tangential to the bottom wall of said cavity and anv up right feeder having an opening in its bottoni part to receive molten metal supplied through said conduit and being adapted to feed said molten metal into the mold cavity at various levels ranging substantially from the bottom to the top thereof. V

4. A mold having aA cavity for the casting proper and provided with la te comprising a' conduit adapted to disc arge molten metal into the bottom of the mold cavity and an upright feeder disposed at one side of the mold cavity, said feeder having an opening in its lower part to receive molten metal sup-l plied through the said conduit and an extension which rises from its u per end above the top of the mold cavity andJ being adapted to feed the molten metal to the mold cavity at various levels ranging substantially from s0 the bottom to the top thereof.

5. A mold havin a cav proper and provi ed with a gate comprising a conduit formed and arranged to deliver molten metaliinto4 the bottom of the mold cavity at .a low velocity on lines apupright l ceder di osed vat one side of the mold cavity, said eeder having an opening in its lower,l part to receive molten meta supplied throu adapted to f said metal into the mol .cavity,at various levels ranging substantially from the bottom to the top thereof.

6. A mold' having a cavity for the casting proper a ing a supply conduit having a downwardly and laterally extending inlet section, a control section extending at an angle to the inlet section and into which the inlet section delivers, and a downwardly and laterally inclined` dischar section arranged to receive molten metal fiom the said control section and deliver it into the bottom of the mold cavity on lines substantially. parallel to the V bottom wall thereof. y

'7. A pouring gate for molds having a downwardly and laterally extending funnel shaped inlet affording a downwardly inclined wall adapted to receive the entering metal and extending entirely across the mouth of the gate, whereby the entering metal is uniformly directed by said inclined wall re ardless of the position of the ladle te from w ich the molten metal is poured.

ity for the casting' v proximately parallel to the bottom wallofV said cavit andpin an unbroken mass, and an' h said conduit and beinA nd provided with a gate compris-V 8. A pouring gate for molds having a downwardly and laterally inclined funnel shaped inlet section prvidin an inclined, metal-receiving wall exten ing entirely across the mouth of said inlet section, a substantially horizontal check or control section into which the inlet section delivers and a downwardly and laterally inclin discharge section arranged to receive the molten metal from the control section and tom wall t ereof.

9. A mold having a cavity for the casting pro er and provided with a gate at one side of t e mold cavity comprising a downwardly extendin linlet section, a control section extending iterally from the lower end of the inlet section away from the mold caviy and of the inlet section away from the moldcavit and a downwardly and laterally inclin discharge section arranged to receive metal from the control section and discharge itinto the bottom of the mold cavity, and an`A upright feeder arran between the said discharge section and t e adjacent side of the moldcavity, said feeder having an openart adapted to receive moling in its lower y ten .metal supp ied through said discharge .section and being' adapted to feed said metal l into the moldcavity at various levels.

11. A mold having acavit for the casting' proper and provided wit 'a gate com- 'deliver it into the4 bottom of the mold cavity on lines approximately parallel to the botprismga supply conduit having a downwardly and laterallyinclined discharge sec- Vtion adaptedftofdelixer molten metal into the bottom of the mold cavity on lines approximatel 4parallel to the bottom wall thereof an an upright feeder arranged adjacent the -mold cavity with its lower end communicating with said discharge section to receive molten metal therefrom and being adapted to feed said metal into the mol cavity at various levels.

12. A mold havingl cup-shaped cavity for t-lie casting proper and provided with a gate comprising a downwardly and laterally inclined supply conduit arranged to dischar molten metal into the bottom of the mol cavity, and an upright feeder arranged adjacent one side of t e mold cavity with its lower end in communication with the said lll III

conduit to receive molten metal therefrom, y i

Asaid 14. A pouring gate for molds comprising a downwardly and laterally extending inlet lsection affording a downwardly inclined,

wall adapted to receive the entering metal, and a control section into which the said inlet section discharges and which extends at an angle with the inlet section. whereby the entering molten metal is directed across the gate passageway as it leaves the Isaid inclined wall of the inlet .section and t'orms a seal rcvcnting air being drawn into the gate with the flowing metal.

15. A pouring gate for molds comprising a downwardly and laterally extending inlet section aifording a downwardly inclined wall adapted toreceive the entering metal, and a control section into which the said inlet section dischargesl and which extends atan angle with the inlet section. whereby the flow of the molten metal is checked by said control section and a seal formed at the junction of the said inlet. and control sections which rcvents air and Heating impurities being t rawn through the gatel with the flowing metal.

16. A mold having a cavity for the casting proper and provided with a pouring gate comprising a. passage having an inlet opening at. the upper part of the mold and extending downward from said inlet in a zigzag course with smoothly rounded bends and having a downwardly and laterally extending dischar e section with downwardly converging wal s and arranged to deliver the molten metal into the bottom of the mold cavity without agitation.

17. A mold having a cavity for the easting proper and provided with a pouring gate comprising a downwardlyinclined inf let section, a control section extending at an angle to the inlet section and into which the inlet section delivers and a downwardly and laterally inclined discharge scction extending at an angle to the control section and having downwardly converging walls and arranged to receive molten metal from said control section and deliver it into the bottom of the mold cavity without agitation.

18. A mold havin a cavity for the casting proper. an upright. ceder cavity at one side f of the said mold cavity and communicating with the mold cavity at various levels between the bottom `and the top thereof through a short narrow passage, and a gate supply conduit having a downwardly extending inlet section for receiving molten metal poured under the action of gravity and being arranged to discharge into the bottom oi the mold cavity and the feeder cavitv.

19. The method ot' introducing molten aluminum alloys or the like lnto a meldA which consists in pouring the molten metal under the action of gravity and delivering it into the bottom of the mold cavity proper and an upright feeder cavity arranged at one. side ot the. mold cavity. and causing the metal to rise in said mold and feeder cavities from the bottom thereof as the pouring continues and to How from said feeder at various levels` into the mold cavity proper to compensate for crystallization shrinkage.

20. The method of introducing into a mold molten metals having high crystallization shrinkage which consists in conducting the First entering metal into the bottom of the mold cavity at. a low velocity and without splashing. then directing the entering metal into the bottoms of both the mold cavity proper and an upright feeder cavity arranged at one side of the mold cavity. and causing the metalto rise in said mold and feeder cavities lfrom the bottoms thereof as the pouring continues and to flow from said feeder at various levels into the mold cavity` proper to compensate for crystallization shrinkage.

'21. The method of introducing into a mold molten metals having high crystallization shrinkage which consists in conduct.- ing the first entering metal into the bottom ol' the, mold cavity at a low velocity and without splashing. then directing the entering metal into the. bottoms of beth the mold ea vit y proper and an upright feeder cavity arranged at one side ot the mold cavity and communicating therewith at various levels and causing the metal to rise in said mold and feeder cavities as the pouring continues until the mold cavity is filled, and then condueting additional molten metal into the bottom of the feeder cavity and causing the metal therein to rise into a. riser extension of the feeder cavity. whereby the heat of the last entering metal insures 'a molten condition of the metal in the feeder cavity during soliditication of the metal in the mold cavity proper.

22. The method of introducing into a mold molten metals having high crystallization shrinkage which consists in delivering the metal into the bottoms of the mold cavity proper and an upright feeder cavity arranged at one side of the mold cavity. causing the metal to rise in said mold and feeder cavity from the bottoms thereof as the pouring continues and simultaneously conducting air and gases from the mold cavity through a large free passage leading from the top of said cavity to the atn1ospliere until the mold cavity is filledt and 10 ing the metal under the action of gravity from the upper part of the mold downward in a zigzag course to retard the velocity of the metal and then condnctil'ig it through a downwarrplly and laterally inclined passage having downwardly converging walls which 15 further retard the velocity of the metal and finally delivering the metal in a smooth stream into the bottoni of the mold cavity. In testimony whereof, I allix my signature.

FREDERIC A. lAR-KHURST. 

